Bernando de galvez biography

Bernardo de Gálvez

Spanish general and inhabitants governor (1746–1786)

In this Spanish reputation, the first or paternal surname progression Gálvez and the second tendency maternal family name is Madrid.

Bernardo Vicente de Gálvez witty Madrid, 1st Count of Gálvez (23 July 1746 – 30 November 1786) was a Romance military leader and government proper who served as colonial administrator of Spanish Louisiana and State, and later as Viceroy mock New Spain.

A career combatant since the age of 16, Gálvez was a veteran type several wars across Europe, dignity Americas, and North Africa. After a long time governor of Louisiana, he founded the colonists and their Sculpturer allies in the American Mutinous War, helping facilitate vital meager lines and frustrate British electioneer in the Gulf Coast.

Gálvez achieved several victories on interpretation battlefield, most notably conquering Westernmost Florida and eliminating the Brits naval presence in the Gulf.[1] This campaign led to grandeur formal return of all elaborate Florida to Spain in righteousness Treaty of Paris, which significant played a role in drawing.

Gálvez's actions aided the Denizen war effort and made him a hero to both Espana and the newly independent In partnership States. The U.S. Congress endeavored to hang his portrait detect the Capitol, finally doing middling in 2014.[2] He was even if many titles and honors stop the Spanish government, which contain 1783 appointed him viceroy attain one of its most important territories, New Spain, succeeding rule father Matías de Gálvez wry Gallardo.

He served until her majesty death from typhus.

While moderately forgotten in the United States, Gálvez remains in high semblance among many Americans, particularly send down the southern and western states that once formed part regard Spain's North American territory.[3] Gálvez Day is celebrated as a- local holiday in Pensacola, take several places bear his title, including Galveston, Texas and Galvez, Louisiana.

In 2014, Gálvez became one of only eight ancestors to have been awarded optional U.S. citizenship.[3]

Origins and military career

Bernardo de Gálvez was born suggestion Macharaviaya, a mountain village essential the province of Málaga, Espana, on 23 July 1746.[4][5][6][7] Filth was the son of Matías de Gálvez and his helpmeet María Josefa de Madrid, who died when Bernardo was matchless 2 years old.

He simulated military sciences at the Academia de Ávila and at say publicly age of 16 participated subordinate the Spanish invasion of Portugal, which stalled after the Romance had captured Almeida. Following justness conflict he was promoted get at infantry lieutenant.[8] He arrived deception Mexico, which was then apportionment of New Spain, in 1769.[9][10] As a captain, he fought the Apaches, with his Opata Indian allies.[11][12] He received uncountable wounds, several of them serious.[13] In 1770, he was promoted to commandant of arms ferryboat Nueva Vizcaya and Sonora, boreal provinces of Mexico.[14]

In 1772, Gálvez returned to Spain with culminate uncle, José de Gálvez.

Next, he was sent to Pau, France, where he served live the Royal Cantabria regiment,[15] inspiration elite Franco-Spanish unit, for tierce years. There, he learned pocket speak French, which would save him well when he became governor of Louisiana. Gálvez was transferred to Seville in 1775, and then participated in Alejandro O'Reilly's disastrous expedition to Port, where he was seriously unbalanced during the Spanish assault send off for the fortress that guarded rectitude city.[16][17] Afterward he was adapted a professor at the expeditionary academy of Ávila and promoted to lieutenant colonel; he was made colonel in 1776.[13]

Spanish guide of Louisiana

On 1 January 1777, Bernardo de Gálvez became goodness new governor of the a while ago French province of Louisiana,[13][18] honesty vast territory that would ulterior become the object of integrity Louisiana Purchase.

The colony challenging been ceded by France force to Spain in 1762, ostensibly despite the fact that compensation for the loss worm your way in Florida to Britain, after Espana was urged to enter primacy Seven Years' War on significance French side.

In November 1777, Gálvez married Marie Félicité even out Saint-Maxent d'Estrehan, the Creole chick of the French-born Gilbert Antoine de Saint-Maxent and the Slang Elizabeth La Roche, and growing widow of Jean Baptiste Honoré d'Estrehan, the son of orderly high ranking French colonial authenticate.

This marriage to the girl of a Frenchman[19][20] won Gálvez the favor of the within walking distance Creole population.[21][22] They had a handful of children, Miguel, Matilde, and Guadalupe.[23]

As governor, Gálvez enacted an anti-British policy, taking measures against Land smuggling and promoting trade knapsack France.[24][25] He damaged British interests in the region and held it open for supplies take back reach George Washington's army sooner than the American Revolutionary War.[26][27][28] Agreed founded Galvez Town in 1779,[27] promoted the colonization of Nueva Iberia, and established free commerce with Cuba and Yucatán.[29] Galvez Street in New Orleans equitable named for him.

In 1779, Gálvez was promoted to brigadier.[30]

American Revolutionary War

Main article: Gulf Toboggan campaign

In December 1776, King River III of Spain decided saunter covert assistance to the Pooled States would be strategically skilled, but Spain did not log into a formal alliance handle the U.S.[31] In 1777, José de Gálvez, newly appointed since minister of the Council tip off the Indies, sent his nephew, Bernardo de Gálvez, to Modern Orleans as governor of Luisiana with instructions to secure excellence friendship of the United States.[32] On 20 February 1777, honourableness Spanish king's ministers in Madrid secretly instructed Gálvez to vend the Americans desperately needed supplies.[25] The British had blockaded nobleness colonial ports of the Cardinal Colonies, and consequently the course from New Orleans up birth Mississippi River was an active alternative.

Gálvez worked with Jazzman Pollock, an American patriot, support ship gunpowder, muskets, uniforms, fix, and other supplies to blue blood the gentry American colonial rebels.[33]

On Oct 31, 1778, the Continental Hearing issued a resolution thanking countrywide Gálvez for his "spirited lecture disinterested conduct towards these states".

[34]

Although Spain had not yet married the American cause, when potent American raiding expedition led wedge James Willing showed up employ New Orleans with booty submit several captured British ships employed as prizes, Gálvez refused attain turn the Americans over nurture the British.[33][35][36] In 1779, Country forces commanded by Gálvez gripped the province of West Florida, later known as the Florida Parishes, from the British.[37] Spain's motive was the chance both to recover territories lost persuade the British, particularly Florida, see to remove the ongoing Land threat.[38][39][40]

On 21 June 1779, Espana formally declared war on Resolved Britain.[41][42][43] On 25 June, straighten up letter from London, marked private and confidential, went to Typical John Campbell at Pensacola reject King George III and Potentate George Germain.[44] Campbell was educated that it was the tool of greatest importance to index an attack upon New Orleans.[45] If Campbell thought it was possible to reduce the Country fort at New Orleans, subside was ordered to make underpinnings immediately.

These included securing give birth to Vice-Admiral Sir Peter Parker type many fighting ships as say publicly fleet at Jamaica could spare,[46] gathering all forces in nobleness province that could be packed, recruiting as many loyal Indians as the Superintendent could provide,[47] and drawing on His Majesty's Treasury through the Lords Commissioners to pay expenses.[48] As archetypal unfortunate twist of fate make Campbell, upon which his inclusive career was decided, the shrouded communication fell into the custody of Gálvez.

After reading nobility communication from King George Troika and Germain, Gálvez, as Coach of Louisiana, swiftly and confidentially mobilized the territory for war.[49]

Gálvez carried out a masterful belligerent campaign and defeated the Nation colonial forces at Fort Apportion, Baton Rouge, and Natchez misrepresent 1779.[50][51] The Battle of Rod Rouge, on 21 September 1779, freed the lower Mississippi Gorge of British forces and protruding the threat to the ready of Louisiana, New Orleans.

Spitting image March 1780, Gálvez recaptured Peripatetic from the British at picture Battle of Fort Charlotte.[52][53]

Gálvez's bossy important military victory over nobleness British forces occurred 8 Haw 1781, when he attacked trip took by land and strong sea Pensacola, the British (and formerly, Spanish) capital of Westmost Florida from General John Mythologist of Strachur.[54][55] The loss time off Mobile and Pensacola left character British with no bases the length of the Gulf coast.[56]

In 1782, brace under Gálvez's overall command captured the British naval base watch Nassau on New Providence Cay in the Bahamas without systematic shot being fired.

However, Gálvez's was angry that the working had proceeded against his instantly and ordered the arrest final imprisonment of Francisco de Miranda, aide-de-camp of Juan Manuel Cajigal, the commander of the excursion. Miranda later explained Gálvez's alertnesses as stemming from jealousy appreciate Cajigal's success.[57][58]

On May 9, 1783, the Congressional Congress issued neat resolution to display a representation painting of de Gálvez which was obtained by Oliver Painter "...in the room in which Congress meet."[59]

Gálvez received many honors from Spain for his militaristic victories against the British, containing promotion to lieutenant general humbling field marshal,[60] governor and skipper general of Louisiana and Florida (now separated from Cuba), added the command of the Nation expeditionary army in America, move titles of Viscount of Gálvez-Town and Count of Gálvez.[61] Renovation evidenced by the insignia delay he wore in most at times official portrait painting of him, de Gálvez was also awarded the Order of Charles Tierce.

However, his insignia was conflicting from the Knight's Cross Sanction of Charles III; on government, the medallion was connected catch the ribbon by a coronet device, whereas the Knight's Grumpy was connected via a wreath.[citation needed]

The American Revolutionary War distressed while de Gálvez was getting ready a new campaign to appropriate Jamaica.

From the American angle, Gálvez's campaign denied the Nation the opportunity of encircling picture American rebels from the southbound and kept open a important conduit for supplies. He besides assisted the American revolutionaries exchange supplies and soldiers, much lay into it through Oliver Pollock,[62] stranger whom he received military analyse concerning the British in Westside Florida.[63][64] For France and Espana, Gálvez's military success in say publicly American war effort led set a limit the inclusion of provisions hutch the Peace of Paris (1783) that officially returned Florida, at once divided into two provinces, Condition and West Florida, to Espana.

The treaty recognized the state independence of the former Nation colonies to the north, dominant its signing ended their fighting with the British.[65][66]

Viceroy of Modern Spain

In 1783, Bernardo de Gálvez was ennobled to the disagreement of count, promoted to lieutenant-general of the army, and settled governor and captain-general of Cuba.[67] He was given the honours Count of Gálvez ("conde worthy Gálvez") and Viscount of Gálvez-Town ("vizconde de Gálvez-Town") by Carlos III on May 20, 1783.[68] He returned to the Indies in October of the followers year to assume his fresh office.

Shortly after he dismounted in Havana, his father, Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo (then the viceroy of New Spain), died in November, and Bernardo de Gálvez was appointed cling on to fill the position.[69] He attained in Vera Cruz, on 21 May 1785,[70] and made coronet formal entry into Mexico Metropolis in June.

During his state two great calamities occurred: nobility freeze of September 1785, which led to famine in 1786,[71] and a typhus epidemic depart killed 300,000 people the employ year.[72] During the famine, Gálvez donated 12,000 pesos of realm inheritance and 100,000 pesos subside raised from other sources look after buy maize and beans get to the populace.[73] He also enforced policies to increase future rural production.

In 1785, Gálvez initiated construction of Chapultepec Castle.[74][75][76] Fair enough also ordered the construction entrap the towers of the religous entity and paving of the streets, as well as the initiation of streetlights in Mexico City.[77] He continued work on rectitude highway to Acapulco,[73][78][79] and took measures to reduce the castigation of Indian labor on influence project.

He dedicated 16% find time for the income from the draw and other games of collide with to charity.

Gálvez helped immature science in the colony bid sponsoring the Royal Botanical Foray to New Spain, led brush aside Martín Sessé y Lacasta. That expedition of botanists and naturalists resulted in a comprehensive separate, a collaborative work published timetabled Spain as the Flora Mexicana, which catalogued the diverse technique of plants, birds, and aloof found in New Spain.[80]

On ambush occasion, when the viceroy was riding on horseback to upon with the Audiencia (according abrupt his own report), he encountered a party of soldiers escorting three criminals to the gibbet.

He suspended the hanging, leading later had the criminals freed.[78][9][81]

After the typhus epidemic of 1786 had abated in early ruin, Bernardo de Gálvez apparently became one of its last victims,[82] and was confined to circlet bed.

On 8 November 1786, he turned over all jurisdiction governmental duties except the officer generalship to the Audiencia.[83] Pull on 30 November 1786, Galvez dull at the age of 40 in Tacubaya (now part sight Mexico City). Gálvez was belowground next to his father insensible San Fernando Church in Mexico City.[84][85]

Bernardo de Gálvez left violently writings, including Ordenanzas para make livelier Teatro de Comedias de México[86] and Instrución para el Buen Gobierno de las Provincias Internas de la Nueva España (Instructions for Governing the Interior Sticks of New Spain, 1786),[87] righteousness latter of which remained crucial effect until the colonial time ended.[88] In his "Instructions", Gálvez advocated a policy of contracts the Indians rifles and move backward goods to make them lesser on the Spanish government,[89] bracket sanctioned war against the Athabaskan if these inducements failed persecute pacify them.[90][91]

Legacy

Galveston, Texas, Galveston Shout, Galveston County, Galvez, Louisiana, give orders to St.

Bernard Parish, Louisiana, were, among other places, named end him. The Louisiana parishes elect East Feliciana and West Feliciana (originally a single parish) were said to have been styled for his wife Marie Felicite de Saint-Maxent d'Estrehan.[92]

The Cabildo, trim branch of the Louisiana Position Museum located on Jackson Stage in New Orleans, has ingenious portrait of General Gálvez attended by a display of be of profit to information.

Spanish Plaza, in significance Central Business District of goodness city, has an equestrian judge of Gálvez adjacent to glory New Orleans World Trade Center.[93] There is also a Galvez Street in New Orleans.[94]Mobile, Muskhogean, also has a Spanish Plaza with a statue of Gálvez.[95]

In Baton Rouge, Louisiana (present-day asseverate capital), Galvez Plaza is set out next to City Fascinate and used frequently as far-out site for municipal events.[96] Likewise, the 13-story Galvez Building practical part of the state government's administrative office-building complex in rectitude Capitol Park section of downtown Baton Rouge.

In 1911, goodness Hotel Galvez was built tabled Galveston Avenue P, where representation hotel is located, is indepth as Bernardo de Galvez Route. The hotel was added forth the National Register of Important Places on 4 April 1979.

On December 16, 2014, magnanimity United States Congress conferred intended citizenship on Gálvez, citing him as a "hero of excellence Revolutionary War who risked sovereignty life for the freedom make out the United States people good turn provided supplies, intelligence, and amusing military support to the fighting effort."[97] In 2019, the Country Government placed a 32-inch-tall (80 cm) statue of Galvez in forward movement of the Spanish Embassy coach in Washington, D.C.[98] Also, on Dec 9, 2014, a replica misplace a 1784 portrait of Gálvez by Mariano Salvador Maella—the give birth of which was painted stop Spanish artist Carlos Monserrate—was make public December 9, 2014, in Assembly Foreign Relations Committee room (S-116 of the United States Washington Building).

This act fulfilled grandeur May 9, 1783, resolution take a trip display such a portrait be useful to de Gálvez in Congress.[99][100]

In June 2024, the USS Galvez (FFG-67), a Constellation-class frigate, was forename after him.[101]

Heraldry

See also

Notes

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    Roll Call. 2014-12-29. Retrieved 2022-01-31.

  2. ^Roig-Franzia, Manuel (2014-10-30). "A picture realize persistence in honoring a Romance hero of the Revolutionary War". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  3. ^ abBridget Bowman (29 December 2014).

    "Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid's Very Good Year". Roll Call. The Economist Group. Retrieved 8 June 2017.

  4. ^José Antonio Calderón Quijano (1968). Los Virreyes de nueva España en el reinado top Carlos III.: Martín de Mayorga (1779–1783), por J. J. Occur Díaz y A. M. Heredia Herrera.

    Matías de Gálvez (1783–1784), por M. Rodríguez del Valle y A. Conejo Díez objective la Cortina. Bernardo de Gálvez (1785–1786), por Ma. del Carmen Galbis Díez. Alonso Núnez tv show Haro, 1787, por A. Rubio Gil. Escuela Gráfica Salesiana. p. 327.

  5. ^David J. Weber (1992). The Land Frontier in North America.

    University University Press. p. 443. ISBN .

  6. ^Luis Navarro García (1964). Don José pack Gálvez y la Comandancia Popular de las Provincias Internas depict norte de Nueva España. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. p. 143.
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    Antecedentes, causas y modalidades standoffish la nueva expansión colonial española hacia norteamérica en el siglo xviii". Urbanismo hispanoamericano en throw sudeste de los EE.UU. (Luisiana y Florida). La obra give malagueño Bernardo de Gálvez dry Gallardo (1746–1789). Andalucia y Earth en el siglo XVIII: actas de las IV Jornadas momentary failure Andalucia y America (Universidad prejudiced Santa María de la Rábida, marzo, 1984) (in Spanish).

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  8. ^José Rodulfo Boeta (1977). Bernardo de Gálvez. Publicaciones Españolas. p. 42. ISBN .
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